Climate change is defined as a long-term change in global climate patterns caused by human-induced increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane. This type of climate change is caused by human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and land-use changes leading to increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. These climate changes cause global temperatures to rise, leading to serious consequences such as more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and loss of biodiversity. The effects have been observed since the Industrial Revolution and continue to mount, making climate change one of the most pressing threats of our time.

See also: agent-based modeling, evolutionary computing, emergence, complex system